مجله زبانشناسی و گویش های خراسان
پیاپی 28 (پاییز 1401)

The present research aims to describe and analyze the Interpersonal Grammatical Metaphors of Mood in the listening module of TOEFL official books, in the framework of Systemic Functional Grammar (SFG). And it attempts to find an answer to the question that to what extent TOEFL has been able to benefit from Mood Grammatical Metaphor as a basic concept in Functional Linguistics which is a communicative-based approach to study languages, and it claims that Grammatical Metaphor is a property of scientific texts. The research approach was qualitative content analysis, and the data were collected using the documentary method. In this regard, three official TOEFL iBT books, including a total of fourteen tests were selected. The listening module of each test entails six texts in the form of conversation and lecture. First, clauses of the total of 84 texts were identified and examined separately. Then, Mood Grammatical Metaphors were identified in each text and compared in terms of the type and frequency. The findings indicated that: 1. there were higher frequency of Mood Metaphors in the conversation texts than the lecture texts of listening module, 2. In terms of the types of Mood Grammatical Metaphors, the use of the indicative and interrogative moods, which were the metaphorical representation of imperative clauses, had the highest frequency compared to other types of Mood Grammatical Metaphors, respectively. It can be said that Face saving and Politeness cause individuals to avoid using imperative mood. Awareness of Grammatical Metaphor types and its explicit instruction teaching, can help language learners increase their pragmatic competence, and yield better results in assessment knowledge.

The present research analyses Hafez's mystical language with an analytic-descriptive method and based on three-level pattern of Norman Fairclough and answers to this main issue: How and why did Hafez create his mystical discourse and make it comprehensible? For this purpose, after describing Hafez's mystical poems according to Michael Halliday’s systemic-functional linguistics framework and relying on the ideational metafunction of language in that framework, by observing the interlingual and extralingual contexts of the poems and with an intertextual analysis, it interprets and explains them ideologically. The results of the research indicate that distinguished mystical features in Hafez's language have some points in common with other mystical texts and besides presenting the intertextual characteristics and general principles of mystical discourse, they indicate Hafez's personal and ideological views in relation with cultural and social conditions of his time. The achievement of the present research is to justify and describe Hafez's mystical language scientifically and pattern based and also to express how and why his mystical discourse is formed, produced and comprehended with applying effective and reliable instruments of critical discourse analysis. Therefore, the achieved results are reliable and based on modern linguistics authentic and reasonable rudiments and are also far from generalization and its following mistakes.

In this research, we have studied Simin Behbahani’s poetry on basis of conceptual metaphor theory in which extending, elaborating, questioning and composing devices are employed to create novel metaphors from the conventional materials of everyday language and thought. Then, qualitative characteristics of conceptual blending theory have been investigated as a complementary perspective to explain the subject more comprehensively. The results show separate and simultaneous usage of metaphorical creativity devices were used by Simin Behbahani in different samples. The analysis of these samples base on conceptual blending theory determines separate networks in a text with same information in some aspects and contradictory concepts in the other aspects. On the other hand, we can have blended spaces that are the result of networks in background and these spaces reflect some concepts into both input spaces of the other network in foreground simultaneously. It is also possible to consider the existence of a blending network on basis of three inputs. In general, the conceptual blending theory, based on individual landscape perception from common thought and cohesion of concepts in mind and immediate linguistic context, would specify the motivations of intertwined metaphorical concepts in poetry.

Autism Spectrum Disorder children have problems with social interaction, and in producing and comprehending language structures. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of telling social stories on the use of syntactic features of speech in children with autism.This was an Interventional, quasi-experimental single group study with a pretest-posttest design. The study subjects were selected by convenience sampling method which included 10 Persian-speaking (girls and boys) aged 7 to 15 years old with autism spectrum disorder (level 1: requiring support) from all autism population in Qazvin Autism Center (Sina), in 2019. The data was gathered through the book series of exceptional children's illustrated stories and pictorial flash cards which included syntactic components. It’s notable that in this level and before presenting social stories, descriptive speech (pictorial description) and spontaneous speech (that is used in everyday conversations) were taken from each autistic children in form of 50 language samples based on (Brown,1973) and considering to (Tek& Naigles, 2014) for a total of 1 hour, according to their syntactic features. Social stories were designed and written based on Gray (1993). The children received an interventional program (telling social stories) in 10 individual sessions 30 to 45 minutes. This study was done during 3 months. Syntactic problems in these children’s speech were analyzed after their spontaneous and pictorial speech was recorded. Wilcoxon signed-rank test was used to analyze the data using SPSS, version 22. The results of analysis of Wilcoxon showed that telling social stories improved some syntactic features of children with autism (p˂0.05).Based on the present study findings, telling social stories improved some syntactic skills in the use of copula, compounds, intransitive verbs, transitive verbs, auxiliary verbs, the negative and simple present, continuous present and simple past.

Attar's use of images and the creation of various and creative images is one of the features that allows his works to be analyzed for common discourse analysis. In his works, Attar has used imagery to express the themes and terms of judgment and philosophy more effectively in creating beauty. The images in Attar's works serve to expand the concepts in the story and add to the beauty and ambiguity in the text, so it is necessary to examine them in a methodical way. Attar's view of the image is beyond the literary system and is also a worldview. He believes that the world is an image of the true beauty, which reflects all the beauties of the beloved, and it is easy to see the qualities of the true beauty in the world and creatures. Using visual semiotics, this research has investigated the codes in the images used in Attar's Masnavis. At the beginning of the process, some images are studied and the features of the visual system in the images are checked as much as possible, and in the next step, the implied meanings are checked and pointed out, so that the role of the images in creating beauty and completing the conceptual discourse desired by Attar be revealed in his works.

The main purpose of this study is to investigate and compare the metaphorical concepts of fear in the daily speech of sighted and blind adults in the linguocultural geography of Ilam. To this end, research data was gathered from 50 bilingual informants of this area in two subject groups including 25 congenital blind aged 18-70 years, as the experimental group, and 25 individuals as their matched control group. To show how fear is metaphorically expressed in the speech of these two groups of people, in addition to the mappings, the most frequent source domains were also identified and introduced. Data analysis was done using descriptive and inferential statistics methods in SPSS software. The results of the conceptual metaphors of emotions showed that, regarding the frequency of metaphors, there were no meaningful differences between the performance of the blind and the sighted adults. However, the frequency of the utilized sensory sources for the source domains of fear was different in the speech of the two groups, where the blind used the senses of taste and touch significantly more than the sighted people to express love (P<0.05). The comparison of the gathered data with the Kovecses source domains model (2002) showed that there was no perfect compatibility between the two groups with respect to the utilization of source domains for fear.

Humanism" is a philosophical and literary school that is considered to have originated in ancient Greece. This school respects the value and status of man and makes him the measure of everything. The culmination of the manifestation of humanism in the Middle Ages was a new way of confronting the tyranny of the medieval churches. Freedom, autonomy, self-leadership, self-knowledge and recognition of different dimensions of human talents are among the important topics that are emphasized in this school. Undoubtedly, mysticism has something in common with humanism. The novel The Other Day of the Shura draws society's attention to realities that are far removed from our view. It is an attempt to enlighten the minds towards humanism and the value of one's position. The quest for identity is rippling through his novel. The main question of this research, then, is with what linguistic manifestations humanism is reflected in the novel The Other Day of the Council. In this research, the novel of the other day of the council is tried in humanistic principles and thoughts, according to rationalism, individualism, humanism, freedom, human relations, human value and dignity, will, naturalism, commitment, non-restriction to specific geography and perfection. Orientation etc. be examined. The result of this research, which has been done in a descriptive-analytical way, indicates that the principles of humanism, critique of tradition and struggle with ignorance and superstition, human relations, will and freedom, naturalism, tolerance, rationalism and commitment within the framework and Observed throughout the novel.

Critical analysis as one of the discourse analysis approaches that tries to demystify power relationships and hidden ideologies in it by text denaturalization and review of structures and discourse-oriented components of texts. In the present research, dominant discourse analysis approaches and text analysis tools are briefly introduced based on Van Leeuwen pattern (1996); then, analysis of the movie “Souteh-delan”, written and directed by the late Ali Hatami is done with the help of these tools and in theoretical discourse framework of Laclau and Mouffe; religious discourses formation, sex, rationalism and emotionalism are also considered in detail. The present study objectively shows how ideologies and power relations can affect people attitudes and insights and manifest in their relations and social interactions. Other results of this study show that according to the traditional attitude, man believes in right of dominance to the woman by highlighting concepts like overtopping and executor of power.